Knowledge Is Power And Education - 949 Words

Knowledge is Power Education has been a very controversial issue over the years and has been becoming an increasing topic for discussion. Many people will say a formal education is the only way to get anywhere in life while others claim that with soaring college prices, the education might not actually be worth it. Molly Knefel, author of â€Å"Incarceration vs. Education,† stated in her article â€Å"Americans believe that education is the great equalizer, the key that opens the door to a better future.† A proper education is vital in order to become successful in life. However, this education does not have to be in a formal setting such as high school or college. Knowledge is everywhere and life is filled with lessons we try to grasp as we try and fail during our teen years. It is important to try many things because this is what teaches us our valuable life lessons. It is also crucial that we remind ourselves we are in charge of our own success and we take the resp onsibility to educate ourselves. Through all of this we must remember that failure is inevitable and we must think of this failure as a lesson rather than a downfall. Being involved in extracurricular activities is necessary in order to help students find their mentor. As Johanna Wald, author of â€Å"Extracurricular Drug Testing,† stated â€Å"it increases the chances that struggling students will find mentors who recognize and nurture their talents and abilities, and will discover â€Å"islands of competence† that boost theirShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is The Key Factor For Future Generations971 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough education they will become more knowledgeable and educated than the last generation. Education is the key factor in differing generations, without it they would only be replicas of the generation beforehand. Without being taught education we would still be in â€Å"Caveman Times† creating fire with sticks instead of where we are today crea ting advanced technology that would help educate the minds of many for future generations to come. Education brings us knowledge, from knowledge we gain power, withRead MoreProblems Of Traditional American Education943 Words   |  4 Pages Antonia Darder sets a language in Culture and Power in the Classroom that critiques the traditional American educational system while challenging teachers to a new thinking of culture and diversity in the classroom. Using the groundings from several theories, theory and resistance, regimes of truth, and theory of hegemony, she set the platform of the hidden curriculum that is valued in traditional public education. She seeks to use several theoretical frameworks to create a bicultural critical pedagogicalRead MoreImportance Of Higher Education1106 Words   |  5 Pages Higher Education is Necessary Higher education, it is vital for success, a better future, and the key to many opportunities. This has been what we have been told our entire life, but is it true? Is higher education necessary? These are the questions that pop into the heads of many college students every time they must write a paper or have a hard test coming up. Is it really worth it? Should I stop? Then the answer to all these questions come flying to their heads, and they continue writing thoseRead MoreThe Value Of Education In Animal Farm, By George Orwell1363 Words   |  6 Pagesdominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a tool that can be used to one’s advantage. Living in a world where power is easy to gain, the pigs quickly use education (or lack thereof) to manipulate the rest of the animals on the farm to serve themselves. This story ultimately reveals the underlying message that   first, education is important to all levels of society, next, for when it is not, society is stratified,Read MoreEducation And Problem Posing Education1589 Words   |  7 PagesFreire enlightens his readers into two different views of education; banking education and problem-posing education. These two approaches are on opposite ends of the educational spectrum. Banking education describes the student as a bank that the teacher is depositing knowledge into. In this form of education students are hoped to retain all the education that the teachers is presenting. Problem-posing education differs in the way that students gain information. This method is more creative and explorativeRead MoreSlavery And African American Society1184 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom as he acquired knowledge. To those who are oppressed by the chains of slavery, education is a rarity. To oppressors, keeping slaves ignorant is ideal. African-American social reformer, Frederick Douglass, experienced the bondage of slavery and t he influence education held in regards to gaining his freedom. Education was a major force for social change with regard to to slavery and African-American rights. Slavery is only possible because of the influence of education. In his autobiographyRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Life Of Knowledge And Education1329 Words   |  6 PagesEducation to Liberation Frederick Douglass was a young slave with an aspiring dream to learn and further his life of knowledge and education. There was only one thing stopping him: his lack of freedom. The ability to read and access to an education is a liberating experience that results in the formation of opinions, critical-thinking, confidence, and self-worth. Slave owners feared slaves gaining knowledge because knowledge is power and they might have a loss of power, which would result to theRead MoreA Few Ways That Foucault s Conceptualization Of Bio Power And Of Disciplinary Knowledge And Practices976 Words   |  4 PagesThere are a few ways that Foucault’s conceptualization of bio-power and of disciplinary knowledge and practices may be evident in college settings. One example of bio-power in a college setting might be birth control and sex education at my university. Another example of bio-power in our colleges is a requirement of a health credit, such as basic health or physical education, in order to graduate. Like bio-power, disciplinary knowledge and practices are used in our university and other community collegesRead MoreThe Power Of The Human Brain1278 Words   |  6 Pagesmind has the ultimate power and limitless potential to create results, aspiration, and knowledge. As Swami Vivekananda said, â€Å"We are responsible for what we are and whatever we wish ourselves to be, we have the power to make ourselves.† The power of the human brain is what one wants it to be. Society expects a great deal from individuals, but this is only a motivator. The influence of society and personal experiences both cause people to gain further intelligence from power of one’s brain. IndividualsRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Fugitive Slave And A Free Man1192 Words   |  5 PagesDouglass argues that in order to achieve physical freedom, a slave must seek knowledge and an education. In reading â€Å"The Columbian Orator† by Caleb Binghams, Douglass learns that the slave industry is dependent on the constant and absolute control of slaveholders over their slaves.[] Therefore, in order to maintain control, slaveholders perpetuated slavery by maintaining their slave’s ignorance and depriving them of an education.[] By doing so, slave owners reduced their slave’s state of mind to that

Mother Sauvage Free Essays

Being a wife and a mother is a significant role of a woman that cannot be paid by anyone. It was a purpose and a journey that needs entire love, patience, and kindness. These women make sure that their family will not get hurt and will be able to be loved and nurtured by them. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Sauvage or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, there are certain situations that will test their limitations and patience. Most of the women say, â€Å"You can hurt me many times, but not any of my family.† Therefore, no matter how soft and loving heart a mother has, she will remain tough and strong for her family especially when it came to the point of hurting them. The story is about the life of being a mother despite of all the pains and how she gave justice to family that was killed by the people who went to her house and lived like her sons. It was very hard for Mother Sauvage to compose herself so that the Prussians would not think that she was the mother of the man they killed. Mother Sauvage thought that the death of her husband made her numb but when she knew that her son was killed, the same old feeling of loneliness, pain, and sorrow went through her nerves again – flowing like running water in the river. Mother Sauvage learned to love the four Prussians who went to her house and stayed but when she knew that they were the one who killed her son, she doesn’t know what to so but to accept them to her house and not to show her real feelings of sadness and anger. Regardless of all her fears and envy towards her boarders because of what they have done to her son, she remained calm and aware of her plans for the justice of her son and husband’s death. Mother Sauvage was not an ordinary mother. This story was not just a story of motherhood but also a story of womanhood. Even if mother Sauvage was very numb with her husband and son’s death, she continued to make herself relieved and think of the family of those four Prussians died in her house. It was a tragic but a realistic story because I can say that it can happen to any mother who experienced this kind of pain and maybe, not only this kind of things will happen to the killers, but more brutal than that especially when they were in your house. Seeing and serving the people who killed your family will bring you a catastrophic feeling that will lead to brutal killings just to give justice to you and your son and husband. According to Tannenhauser, the work of mothers does not offer â€Å"promotions, raises or any other tangible and ego-gratifying perks available in other professions† (Tannenhauser, 1996, p. 119) This magnificent responsibility of mothers cannot be compared to any other professions because it is a lifetime profession that cannot be quitted by mothers when they were tired. Mother Sauvage was like that. Even if her son left him and joined the military, she remained hopeful that one day, her son will go back into her arms like a child who used to run to his mother when he is tired. However, though it did not happen, she made her own decision of making her son and husband at peace in their death by obliging herself to make their own justice even if it will put her into death. A mother will always a mother and a wife will always be a wife unless you take away her son and husband away from her. Being a wife and a mother is played by women who choose to love and nurture their family instead of nurturing their selves. This major responsibility will put women to the top of the mountain and live as a queen when they perform their tasks as best as they could. This is when the members of their family are respectful, loving, and generous people. Works Cited De Maupassant, Guy. The Complete Short Stories of Guy de Maupassant. New York: Collier,   Ã‚   1903 Tannenhauser, Carol. Motherhood stress. In K. S. Bahr, A. Hawkins, S. Klein (Eds.),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Readin How to cite Mother Sauvage, Essay examples

Organizational Report Singapore Airlines Limited

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Report Singapore Airlines Limited. Answer: Introduction The corporate environment continues to grow in terms of competitiveness as days go by. There is an inevitable need for organizations to put in place the right and effective strategies which would ensure consistency in quality delivery and hence the overall organizational performance. Some basic management strategies which have a direct link with organizational performance include; the nature and structure of leadership, the communication strategies as well as the motivational approaches. With reference to the aspects above, this report analyses Singapore Airlines (SIA) by outlining its leadership structure, communication as well as motivational strategies. The objective of this report is highlight how effective these approaches have been in placing the organization in its current position in terms of corporate. Through review of literature and company reports, the report shall also examine if these leadership approaches have been effective in enhancing good worker involvement as well as efficient consumer relations. The report shall then be summarized with an outline of some of the successful strategies used by Singapore Airlines Limited which could be borrowed by other managers in a bid to enhance organizational performance (Andersen, 2001). Singapore Airlines Limited Singapore Airlines whose history began in 1947 is one of the air transport herbs in Singapore. Despite being owned by the government, the management of SIA has been solely delinked from the government operations and the responsibilities given to a board of directors instituted by the Ministry of finance. The leadership of the company is therefore spearheaded by the ownership of both the Singapore government as well as Temasek Holdings Company. Consequently, the SIA is managed and controlled through a dual leadership structure. SIA comprises 36 subsidiaries each of which have the responsibility to accomplish the companys mission, vision and goals (Binggeli and Pompeo, 2002). The companys vision is to remain an excellent organization which positively impacts the lives of the people it interacts with. The organizations mission is to ensure consistency in offering high quality services to the clients in a bid to make maximum returns which not only benefits the companys stakeholders but t he employees as well. One of the subsidiaries is the SIA Engineering Company which deals with repair and maintenance as well as overhaul procedures.. The other subsidiary is the Singapore Airlines Cargo which deals with freight and movement of passenger cargo. The Silkair subsidiary handles regional flights destined for secondary cities while the Tigerair and Scoot are the subsequent subsidiaries which deal with low cost flights both within and outside the country. Leadership Style The successful endeavors of the organization can be attributed to the stable leadership structures installed by the various stakeholders (Anita, 2010). Each of these subsidiaries is led by a manager who is helped by the various departmental heads who in turn handle the lower level of the human resource hierarchy. The system of leadership is characterized by a diversified approach where duties are shared despite the existence of specialization (Braisby and Gellatly, 2012). Despite the fact that decision making majorly involves the board which is the highest level of authority within the organization, Singapore Airlines has installed effective strategies of communication which ensure that the input of at least all the employees is adequately considering during the crucial process of decision making. The style of leadership is therefore keen on enhancing a conducive environment for free and effective communication within the various phases of the organization (Campbell, 2002). The effectiveness of the leadership style at Singapore Airlines can be outlined by the nature in which the company has consistently outsmarted its competitors. Despite the emergence of several other competitors offering the same services at relatively lower costs, SIA has maintained its core strategies in maintaining quality delivery and effective customer satisfaction. The company management led by the CEO has ensured that each of the 36 subsidiaries operate alongside the organizations key strategies which are basically aimed at making profits while offering the best services to clients (Costa, Harned and Lundquist, 2002). Through the integration of differentiation and cost leadership, the Singapore Airlines management has continued to lay emphasis on innovation, training and efficiency in operation. The organization executes frequent training of the staff and workers in various departments. This strategy is aimed at enhancing the employees skills and competitiveness in their areas of responsibility. With an informed workforce, the leadership style at SIA has successful ensured organizational success by empowering its human resource fraternity. In addition to employee empowerment through a dual leadership strategy, the Singapore Airlines continues to woe its clientele through the incorporation of cost effective approaches. The fact that each subsidiary is led by its own manager adequately diversifies roles and reduces the cost of executing the companys strategic plans especially if the leadership was centralized and dependent on a single management approach. In addition, the leadership style within the organization upholds the use of information technology in enhancing the quality of operations. For instance, through IT, the company has developed a user friendly website where customers can easily access and check the flight schedules (Daft and Armstrong, 2009). The platform is also essential as it enables the company to speedily pass important information on flight changes, changes in prices and introduction of new packages just to mention but few. In a nut shell, the SIA leadership style is made up of a rigorous service de sign which keeps each member of staff on toes not only to deliver but also ensure that the quality of this delivery is outstanding. Each of these approaches have remained effective in enhancing the companys competitive edge despite the demanding nature of the clients in terms of the quality of service delivery. In addition, the SIA leadership style is keen on staff empowerment, training and motivation. This approach goes a long way in ensuring that the members of staff are developed holistically (Dattilio and Freeman, 2007). With proper employee engagement and efficient customer satisfaction, the organizational performance of Singapore Airlines has improved and continues to improve as days go by. The table below shows the trends in performance improvement exhibited by SIA within a span of three years Year Positive Customer Feedback Statistics Change in Profitability 2014 60% 70% 2015 75% 80% 2016 85% 90% From the table, we can deduce that the change in customer feedbacks has a direct influence on the companys profitability. This therefore indicates that the strategies installed by the leadership play a crucial role in triggering positive customer feedbacks and a subsequent increase in returns on investment due to stable market (Glisson, 2008). The trend also indicates an annual improvement in profitability as registered by the company which reveals that the leadership style has been effective in enhancing effective organizational performance. The companys leadership strategy is summarized below. Motivation and Reward Aspects at Singapore Airlines According to the equity theory of motivation, the level of motivation accorded an employee is directly equal to the extent to which the employee satisfies the companys strategies and goals. This theory stipulates that when an employee is treated in a manner that enhances their confidence and sense of belonging, their engagement is greatly improved which in turn culminates in effective organizational performance (Collins and Wood, 2009). The SIA has put in place various strategies which all play a crucial role in enhancing the fair treatment of the employees. For instance, the company continuously carries out a facelift of the Singapore Girl, which is a crucial organ of the human resource fraternity especially with regards to flight related issues (Doganis, 2006). According to Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory also known as the two factors or dual factor theory, there are specific aspects at the work place which enhance job satisfaction. The theory further stipulates that there are those factors which cause job dissatisfaction. An appropriate leadership structure and dissemination of responsibilities is one of the key strengths at SIA. The dual nature of leadership enhances sharing of roles which in turn causes job satisfaction. Additionally, the organization achieves job satisfaction through staff empowering. In a bid to trigger a positive response from the workers, the organization is keen on enhancing staff training and exposure through various exhibitions and conference (Dattilio Freeman, 2007). This strategy is not only aimed at uplifting their level of motivation but also ensuing that each individual in their area of responsibility remain competent. (Anita, 2010). The employees who indicate improvement in performance gauged by the am ount of returns and the nature of client feedbacks are then subjected to a reward scheme (Dobbin, 2012). The nature of reward is always such that it comes in a measure equal to the standards set by the company. For instance, the individuals who achieve certain stipulated targets in their lines of duty are rewarded based on this achievement. These strategies have not only contributed in enhancing motivational levels at SIA but also ensure adequate job satisfaction. According to the needs theory, the motivational strategies by a company can be designed such that the reward given to an individual remains solely dependent on the extent to which the worker caters for the companys needs (Heracles, 2009). This implies that when the employees adequately execute their responsibilities, their motivational needs are accorded in good measure (Daft Armstrong, 2009). As highlighted by Maslow, individuals have various needs which include physiological or material needs, need for safety, love, and esteem as well as the desire to achieve self-actualization. The Singapore Airlines have remained active when it comes to creating a conducive environment for its employees which ensures that they feel loved and safe at the place of work. This is not only achieved through an open communication system but through recognized company procedures. In these procedures, the consistent performers are recognized during specially organized company occasions. These reward stra tegies also enhance the workers esteem in addition to giving them a reason to offer their best in responsibilities due to the desire for this very recognition and hence the associated rewards. The organization has effectively aligned its reward aspects with the organizational targets. This idea initiates the desire for self-actualization in the employees which in this case is more or less linked to the extent to which the workers achieve the set targets. Reward and motivation at SIA is therefore based largely on the extent to which the companys objectives are achieved by the employees. The job characteristics model highlights the fact that individual responsibilities ought to be treated as the main source of motivation. This occurs when the job environment is made attractive through the introduction of efficient but non-confining policies. The theory further outlines that the nature of a job has a special way of influencing worker motivation. At SIA, the management has remained keen on ensuring that the employees enjoy their work and hence give their best. The company operates alongside the guidance of accommodative work policies. These approaches do not only ensure effectiveness in service delivery within the human resource but also establishes an organizational culture in which the workers are confident and free enough to exploit their talents (Lewin, 2006). It is therefore a crucial responsibility for an organizations management to ensure that the nature of the job environment enhances maximum worker engagement before other motivational strategies are installed. The big five personality traits offer a perfect model which managers can use to learn the different personalities of the employees and hence come up with work policies which effectively complement these personalities. Singapore Airlines believes emphasizes on the motivation of employees as a key strategy in ensuring that they are open to experience which is one of the traits in the five factor model. In line with this, the motivational schemes used by the company spread across all the subsidiaries. The employees are accorded an equal opportunity for recognition and reward. With the knowledge that each is eligible for rewards, each member of the human resource department operates self-discipline and a dutiful desire for excellence. This amounts to conscientiousness, one of the big five traits. This collectively enhances the general performance of the organization. To enhance the effectiveness of the recognition schemes, they are constantly revised and the necessary adjustments made. T he strategy encourages extraversion among the employees as the motivation aspects tend to increase their assertiveness and energy at work (Hinings, 2013). The good salaries have been fundamental in maintaining the composition of the human resource. Most of the employees within the current team have served in the organization for long periods of time. This could be attributed to the appropriate job environment established by the companys management which enhances agreeableness and cooperativeness. An effective environment created by an organization does not only retain the current workforce but also reduces neuroticism and serves a part in attracting new individuals in future. In a nut shell, the motivational strategies at SIA have remained effective due to the fact that they are holistic. This implies that the rewards schemes do not only target the workers but also the managers (Ostroff, 1993). The table below shows the correlation between worker motivation and profit outcomes for a span of three years. Year Percentage Level of Worker Motivation Change in Profitability 2014 60% 70% 2015 75% 80% 2016 85% 90% From the table, we can deduce a direction correlation between the level of worker motivation and the organizational performance. It therefore implies that a high level of motivation increases the workers engagement which in turn enhances the organizational performance. This can be reflected by the reported profit margins. The information can also be reflected using the pie chart below. Communication Strategy at Singapore Airlines Limited Open and Result Oriented Communication The communication strategy in Singapore Airlines is not only open but also result driven. With the aid of IT, the company has developed a complex infrastructure which aids in the movement information which is effectively packaged and transmitted with clarity. As one of its basic approaches to communication, SIA has developed an interactive website (Hickson, 2015). Through the user friendly platform, crucial information can be passed to the workers and clients in a simple and accessible manner. To enhance the quality of information passed, the messages are scrutinized by the organizations communication experts. This does not only enhance the message richness but also ensure that the basic objective to obtain a result from the communicaion is perfectly achieved. Formal and informal strategies The communication system at SIA involves a combination of both formal and informal approaches. Information is passed from a central source and passed through multi channels with the intention of reaching as many people as possible. For instance the website is mainly used for formal transmission of crucial information to workers and clients. The strategy here involves the establishment of small online formal groups to aid in the process of information transmission. Each subsidiary has its own formal group. This ensures that each individual receives only the information relevant to their area of service. On the other hand, the organization uses other informal tools like then social media which may include facebook pages and twitter handles. Both of these tools are used in communication depending on the nature of the information. This implies that formal information can be passed through the website while relatively informal ones are transmitted through the social media platforms (Langh am and Rezania, 2006). Mode of communication: Involves both oral and written messages By reviewing the history of the company, it is evident that the communication styles have transformed over the past years. The SIA management continues to work over time by bringing in newer strategies aimed at improving communication. In the past, the mode of communication mainly involved verbal and written approaches for instance using notice boards, circulars and related communication articles (Ostroff, 2009). However, with the emergence of technology, the organization mainly uses the internet and other online platforms like the websites and social media. In these avenues the mode of communication mainly involves writing. For instance, the information on flight schedules, changes in packages and any information intended for the employees and clients is always posted in written form on the companys website. The method of communication largely involves both vertical and horizontal transmission. This trend indicates the transformation which has taken place in the communication strate gies used at SIA. Channel Richness Strategies The Singapore Airlines mainly uses IT based approaches in communication. This strategy can be evaluated by reviewing the extent to which it has proved effective in enhancing organizational performance. To begin with, the strategy is cost effective since it only requires information to be placed in an accessible platform where the recipients can visit and retrieve. This replaces the cumbersome approach of having to send information to each members of the organization. Secondly, IT based communication strategies are time saving (Posey, 2012). For instance due to the fact that the website is user friendly, workers and clients can easily access the platform and gain the necessary updates. It therefore takes a shorter time for the intended message to reach the audience compared to other methods of communication. In addition, the communication strategies are efficient enough in ensuring that all the members of the organization are reached (Trevisani, 2016). This is because the SIA has a da tabase of its employees and clients stored in the online platform. This ensures that the message passed reaches as many people as possible. The organization also uses other back up methods which include follow up emails, messages, notices live speeches as well as formal reports. These strategies adequately support the companys business needs in addition to enhancing good consumer relations which culminates in effective organizational performance. Conclusion The Singapore Airlines Limited remains one of the most recognized corporate organizations in Singapore and the surrounding regions. This success could be attributed to a number of factors and strategies implemented by the company. The companys leadership style is adept at enhancing the organizational goals. The dual structure and cost leadership has proved fundamental in enhancing the companys level of operation. The motivational and reward strategies have played a crucial role in improving employee engagement, commitment and their general output. Furthermore, the communication strategies implemented within the organization have remained effective in ensuring free flow of information within the organization. Each of these approaches has been crucial in enhancing the performance of the organization which could be confirmed by the high profit margins achieved by the company especially in recent years. References Andersen T.J. (2001) Information technology, strategic decision making approaches and Organizational performance in different industrial settings. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 10(1), pp. 101-119. Anita, M. (2010) How Much Does Home Country Matter to Corporate Profitability? Journal of International Business Studies, 4(1), pp. 142165. Bernhard, H. and Ingolis, C. (2008) Six lessons for the corporate classroom. Harvard Business Review, 66(5), pp. 12-56. Binggeli, U. and Pompeo, L. (2002) Hyped hopes for Europes low-cost airlines. McKinsey Quarterly 4(1), pp. 8697. Braisby, A. and Gellatly, A. (2012) Cognitive Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Campbell, J. (2002) Personnel training and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 22(1), pp. 565602. Costa, P., Harned, D. and Lundquist, J. (2002) Rethinking the aviation industry. McKinsey Quarterly, 1(1), pp. 89100. Collings, D. and Wood, G. (2009) Human resource management. London: Routledge. Daft, R. and Armstrong, G. (2009) Organization Theory and Design. Toronto: Nelson. Dattilio, F. and Freeman, A. (2007) Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies in Crisis Intervention. New York: The Guilford Press Doganis, R. (2006) The Airline Business. Abingdon: Routledge. Dobbin, F. (2012) The Rise of Bureaucracy. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press. Glisson, M. (2008) Productivity and Efficiency in Human Service Organizations as related to Structure, size and Age. The Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), pp. 21--37. Heracles, L. (2009) Flying High in a Competitive Industry: Secrets of the Worlds Leading Airline. Singapore: McGraw Hill. Heracles, L. (2009) Flying High in a Competitive Industry: Cost-effective Service Excellence at Singapore Airlines. Singapore: McGraw Hill Hickson, K. (2015) Mr. SIA Fly Past: Introducing the Life and Times of a Legend. World Scientific Journal. 1(1), pp. 12-15. Hinings, C. (2013) Returning to the Frontier of Contingency Theory of Organizational and Institutional Designs. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp. 393440. Lewin, M. (2006) Determining Organizational Effectiveness - another look, and an agenda for research. Management Science, 32 (5), pp. 514 --538. Lingham, T. and Rezania, D. (2006) An evaluation system for training programmes: a case study using a four phase approach. Career Development International, 11(4), pp.33451. Ostroff, S. (2009) Configurations of Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(6), pp. 13451361. Posey, R. (2012) Modern Organization Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly. 5 (4), pp. 609611. Trevisani, D. (2016) Communication for Leadership: Coaching Leadership Skills. Medialab Research, 34(1), pp. 23-34.

Jefferson Had Destroyed Political Traditions. From His Essays

Jefferson had destroyed political traditions. From his contradictions and defecting his priciples, Jefferson destroyed the political precedent and is a exemplatory hypocrite, which can be seen throughout his administration. Jefferson was an admired statesman who was grappling unsuccessfully with the moral issue of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, opposed slavery his whole life, yet he never freed his own slaves. He championed Enlightenment principles, yet never freed himself of the prejudices of his soceity. Jefferson was extremely hypocritical in the issue of slavery. Jefferson was a plantation owner early in his life, and had slaves working for him throughout his life. Jefferson had tolerated while he didn't accept others who owned slaves. Jefferson denounced the slave owners, while he was owning and using slaves. Although Jefferson was supposedly a good slave owner, his hypocritical nature made him accuse others not to own slaves while he, himself was owning slaves. Another part of the hypocrisy was that Jefferson believed that the slaves were dependent upon the white man, while he, himself was dependent upon the slaves. Jefferson also was hypocritcal in his acquisition of the Loisiana territory. In Jeffersonian principles, large expansive governments were bad, and small was good. This was a antithesis of that principle. Jefferson knew that the acquisition of the Loisiana territory was beneficial to the welfare of the U.S. According to the constitution, nowhere in the constitution is the acquisition of land a right of the government, Jeffersons' predisposition was to strictly go by the constitution (as seen with the national bank controversy), this is another contradiction during his administration. Since the appropriation of the Lousiana territory was important for the expansion of the united states, he temporarily dismissed his principles, therefore destroying political traditions. Another hypocritical event during Jeffersons' administration was his acceptance of the National Bank. Early in Jefferson's political career, Jefferson had debated with Hamilton on whether to have the National Bank. When this government was first established, it was possible to have kept it going on true principles, but the contracted, English, half-lettured ideas of Hamilton destroyed that hope in the bud, We can pay off his debts in 15 years. Early in Jefferson's Administration, Jefferson had denounced the National Bank. At the end of his administration, Jefferson realized that the National Bank was important and this is hypocritical by disregarding his principles. The Burr conspiracy depicted Jefferson as a ruthless, and a individual who will do anything inorder to achieve his goal. Jefferson championed civil liberties and unalienable rights. Yet, Jefferson violated civil liberties by coercing witnesses, arrested with out habeus corpus and prosecuting in a court of his own. Jefferson and Jeffersonians are hypocrites from the start and they destroyed political tradition as seen during Jeffersons' administration. Jeffersonians show an immense amount of hypocritism in their policies. For example, Federalists had supported high tarriffs, inorder to protect national manufacturers and american industry. The tarriffs were a vital determinent, which kept the economy of the United States viable. The Jeffersonians, not the Federalists began the American system of protecting american industry which initially was a major constituent of the federalist platform.

The Entrepreneurial Qualities of Richard Branson and Their Impact to Business in the Virgin Group

The Entrepreneurial Qualities of Richard Branson and Their Impact to Business in the Virgin Group Introduction It is evident that modern business firms operate in an increasingly complex and competitive environment. Many companies are dealing in the production of either similar products or services or close substitutes. Therefore, business leadership has become one of the most admired qualities in doing business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Entrepreneurial Qualities of Richard Branson and Their Impact to Business in the Virgin Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern business leaders are called upon to be more proactive and more entrepreneurial so that that they can be able to drive the business companies that they are leading to success. Success here refers to leading the company to make profits and attain a strong competitive edge over other companies. There are many Chief Executive Officers leading several companies in the world today. However, all of these CEOs cannot be termed as having the qual ity of entrepreneurship (Clark, 2009). According to Fletcher, 2002, entrepreneurial Chief Executive officers are those who are able to seek and build opportunities for the company using well informed business strategies. In the context of business leadership and management, an entrepreneur can be defines as a person who is able to lead the business to mold a business from scratch to greater heights. The entrepreneur develops unique qualities that steers the business through different business environment situation and ensures that the business attains success. An entrepreneur is the main defender of the business and the source of all the growth and success of the business. In other words, the success of the company lies on the shoulders of the entrepreneurial chief executive officer (Shaw, n. d).This paper is thus is going to discuss Richard Branson as one of the entrepreneurial chief executive officers in the world. The paper will discuss the personal and business qualities that de fine Branson as an entrepreneurial Chief Executive Officer. These qualities will be contextualized in order to clearly link Branson to the growth and business success of the Virgin Group. It is going to be argued in this essay that as an entrepreneurial CEO, Branson has become a main pillar of the Virgin Group. Therefore, without Branson, the company can hardly maintain the levels of achievement it has attained today. Brief history of Branson and entrepreneurship Grant, 2005 ascertains that Branson began showing his entrepreneurial qualities in the year 1967 when he quitted schools to launch a magazine. By then, he was only 16 years old. He believed in himself and in the idea that his magazine was going to help young activists in raising their voice. As is with many businesses, the magazine business had a lot of challenges. The business was not fetching money as had been expected.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, as a young entrepreneur, Branson did not give up in business. He quickly resorted to the business of selling records via the mail. He sold the records at highly discounted prices. He integrated the magazine business with the record selling business by running advertisements of the mail orders. Therefore, the magazine business was enhanced in that the adverts on the record mails attracted more people into buying the magazines. It is through this that Branson managed to rent a shop above a store that sold shoes where he opened a store that sold discount records. This store was dubbed ‘Virgin’ because it was a unique store in an area where such business has not taken place ever. Also the name ‘Virgin’ resonated from the fact that all the people involved in starting this business were brand new entrepreneurs who had not engaged in business before (Grant, 2005). As the store picked up, Branson faced many more hurdles one of them being an arrest for evading taxes. He was released on condition that he was going to pay taxes. Branson learnt from this experience. He began to formalize his business by introducing accounting and bookkeeping functions to help in monitoring and managing revenues. He continues in sourcing for opportunities and expanding his business. By the year 1983, the virgin business had grown to comprise approximately 50 companies with more prospects of growth. The business had diversified into different ventures. This is what Branson sought to achieve. Branson was also motivated by his spirit of anxiety which propelled him into wanting to do new and challenging things. Branson dared to do many things that seemed challenging and impossible according to his friends. However, his motivation and hardened spirit led him to achieving even in the most daring business activities. One of the most daring activities which Branson engaged in was the idea of launching an airline co mpany. This was also one of his biggest challenges (Grant, 2005). Overview of entrepreneurship qualities of an entrepreneurial chief executive officer It is important to understand the qualities that help CEOs to run firms to success. Chief executive officers are main strategists of companies. This means that they are the major determinants of the success of a business firm that they are leading. Therefore, a great chief executive officer is the one who crafts the vision of the firm and sets effective strategies that will help the organization to realize the vision. The CEO should be able to set a healthy environment which encourages creativity from the top managers of the company. The CEO sets and determines the business direction to be taken by the company. The CEO helps the firm in identifying the best market that the firm can enter and the best business opportunities for the company to venture into. The chief executive officer studies the market and the competitors and identifie s the best line of products that can bets suit in the market and bear profits for the company (Fletcher, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Entrepreneurial Qualities of Richard Branson and Their Impact to Business in the Virgin Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other important role that has to be played by the CEO is the identification of differentiation and diversification strategies for the company. These are the major competitive strategies that help the company to gain a strong position in the market. All these lead to the establishment of strong brands for the company which results in great business achievements. Entrepreneurs go beyond the expectations as they do not peg on the statistics or common views about business but believe in making attempts in every venture. They do not rely on the interpretation of statistics but believe in risking to invent new ideas and moves in business (Fletcher, 2002). Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies – initiating and controlling business growth Borowiec, 2008, argues that successful business leadership starts with entrepreneurial minds. Talking of entrepreneurial minds, Richard Branson had an elaborate entrepreneurial mind which led him to starting the Virgin Business. Richard Branson is undoubtedly one of the best known entrepreneurs not only in the United Kingdom but also the entire global scene. Branson is the brainchild behind the virgin business. He has propelled the Virgin business to what is today. He is argued to be the man behind all the products and services that bears ‘virgin’ as a brand name. Richard Branson has played a lifelong role in the success of the Virgin business making it tom produce brands that are now recognizable globally like the Virgin Airways. Branson has transformed a single business into a conglomerate of businesses under the Virgin banner. These businesses are now sprout all over the globe and are performing well. This is one of the most competitive brands in the world’s airlines industry which challenges even the oldest airline companies that began their yeas way longer before the commencement of the Virgin business. One of the greatest challenges of a business is to venture and succeed in a business field that is dominated by well-known world-class firms. The Virgin Group has panoply of business which range from wedding gowns to condoms, airlines and even financial services. Both of these businesses offing by the Virgin Company have proved competitive in that they are wrestling a market share from companies that produces similar or complement goods. The giant companies are feeling a pinch from the market competition generated by Virgin Group products. Branson has grown into a flamboyant business leader who commands enormous publicity for the Virgin Group. He is an admired entrepreneur and business leader in the entire world. He has been the base on which the Virgin Group business has expanded its reach and luster in the global business (Borowiec, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Branson and his tenure of management at the Virgin Group: a combination of entrepreneurial and leadership skills As mentioned earlier, the name Richard Branson cannot be separated from the Virgin Group of companies. Burns, 2008, supports the observation that Branson began this business and has been a major contributor in each and every development that takes place in the company. As it is now, the Virgin group is now comprised of over four hundred firms which have come courtesy of Richard Branson. Branson has ascertained that cultivating entrepreneurial spirit in the company is not a simple exercise. It needs hard work and commitment all of which he has put in the company. To sustain the running of the four hundred companies, Branson came up with a very brilliant strategy which has sustained good running of individual companies making up the Virgin Group (Mills, 2007). As the president and the chief executive officer of the Virgin Group, Branson sought to ensure that all the compani es making up the groups are run well. To achieve this, Branson realized the need to have motivated directors to run these companies. He crafted a strategy which ensured that each of the individual directors has a certain percentage of shares in the company which he or she is managing. This is a motivator of performance in the companies. The directors ruin the companies with passions knowing that the outcomes are beneficial not only to the companies but also themselves. This has really boosted the performance outcomes of the individual firms of the Virgin group. Branson ensures that the directors are well guided on how to drive business in the companies that they are running. Therefore, he does not just expect outcomes but he ensures that he sets necessary business steps to help in getting positive outcomes. Being entrepreneurial means that one is always busy with coming up with thinking and rethinking strategies of improving performance. One must be ready to fully commit him or hers elf to the business as he also embraces the aspect of delegating duties (Burns, 2008). As an entrepreneur, one must ensure that all the staffs of the company get to understand the vision and objectives of the company. It is easy to work on course especially so when all the employees and organizational leaders are aware of the course that they are working for. The chief executive officer in any company is the vision holder of the company. Branson ensures that all the employees of the company are on course by organizing for transformational seminars. In these seminars, they get to discuss the progress of business. They identify the hitches of doing business and the remedies possible to beat the hitches. He uses these meetings to challenge the staffs on how to work towards attaining the goals of the company. Transformational meetings and seminars have proved to be effective for the Virgin Group. They portray the business as it is and lays down the possibilities of changing or adjusting the course of working (Howard, 2010). Brands and branding is an important tenet of business more so in this competitive era. One of the most important roles of an entrepreneur is to brand the company as this is what will position the company in the competitive global market. If there is any are in which Branson has been successful both as a chief executive office and an entrepreneur, then it is his ability to brand the Virgin Group. First of all, Branson has ensured that he is the ‘first’ brand of the company. Branson has patented himself to the company and carries the company on his shoulders. Whenever he appears anymore, he is not just as a CEO or president. He is seen in terms of the company itself. This has helped in easing marketing and the conducting of public relations for the company (Kapferer, 2008). Branson has this character of pulling the media to the company and thus publicizing the company and its products. This resonates from his personal characteristics which he tailor makes to work in favor of the business. While many other companies spend a lot of resources in creating an image for their products and services, Branson only dedicates time to public relation thereby highly saving on business expenses (Borowiec, 2008). Branson is argued to spend a quarter of his time in conducting both direct and indirect public relations. He does this with vigor such that he fully attracts the media thence the public and by effecting attracting free advertisement of the Virgin Group and its products. This is contrary to many other Chief Executive Officers who dedicate huge sums of money for advertising and public relations. Branson is creative and innovative and always devices means of attracting the attention of the public without spending financial resources. The Virgin Groups has found an easy way of marketing and public relations which is its CEO (Dearlove, 2007). Branson has driven the company into fully discharging corporate social activitie s. In the recent years, Branson has been setting aside huge sums of money to help in fighting the effects of climate change and other corporate social activities. Corporate social responsibility has come to be an important parameter on which companies are judged by the public. Full participation and discharge of corporate social duties work to the advantage of the company (Dearlove, 2010). Branson has instilled the principle of time management in the Virgin business. He emphasizes a lot on the skill of good management of time in order to achieve the objectives of the business. Branson spends most of his time; about a third troubleshooting, a third on developing and enforcing charitable work and the remaining third on inventing new business projects for the company. He has fully put the company at the center of his plans with the company taking the highest priority (Brook-Hart, 2008). Rifkin, n. d, observes that Branson loves challenges in business and takes them as opportunities for growth. This is a rare phenomenon as most Chief Executive officers view challenges as obstacles to business which have to be fully fought using organizational resources. He is a daring business leader who approaches and confronts challenges head on. He is courageous and daring. This quality enabled him to initiate the Virgin Airlines which according to many was considered to be an overambitious and unattainable business for the Virgin Company. As of today, the Virgin Airlines is one of the most outstanding Airlines in the world’s aviation industry with big shares in the US, UK and Europe. He is guided by the motto of being the bets in each of the business which the company ventures into. He works on a conclusive assumption that significant profits prevails in even the smallest potions of the expansive business in the market. The success of Branson can also be associated with his ability to attract customers by taking their points of view and personalizing them. This makes it easy for him to introduce and implement these viewpoints (Haig and Haig, 2011). According to Mitchel who wrote in the British management journal, the winning formula used by Branson is found in the clashing business values of the 1960’s. These are money versus morality, company versus consumers, profit versus people, formal versus informal and big business versus the small consumers. Others are conventionality versus novelty, planning versus spontaneity, secrecy versus openness and hierarchy versus egalitarianism. Branson has always chosen the humanistic path and has managed in turning to the Virgin business. These values are synthesized in the five basic criteria of the Virgin products. These include high quality, innovation, good value for money, challenging to the prevailing alternatives and lastly is that the products must have a sense of fun. This has driven the venturing into several businesses with success being attained in every business that is ventured into. Busine ss Implications to the Virgin Group if Branson Leaves the Company Well, there are no prospects of Branson leaving the company. However, many people argue that the Virgin Group can suffer from major business shocks if Richard Branson was to leave the company today. Their argument is that the virgin business has so much been centered on Richard Branson to an extent that no other person is known who can publicize the company in the Absence of Branson. This according to marketing and branding experts was is one of the major shortcomings of Branson. Building the business around his name alone an overshadowing all other people in the company thereby making the now and the future of the company to revolve around him. This has risked the future of the business. There are a number of serious implications is at all Richard Branson was to step down as the CEO of the Virgin Group of Companies (Kapferer, 2008). The first significant effect will be a drop in business due to the shock and the effo rt to choose a person to replace him who may not match even a half of his impact. Therefore, the confidence of customers in the company will significantly drop followed by lapses in the share prices of the company products on stock exchanges. This can be equated to the case of Apple Incorporated and the death of Steve Jobs, its long serving ad most trusted CEO. The company shares dropped significantly as it struggled to cope with the reality of the demise of Jobs (Lynch, 2012). The other serious business implication will be a significant loss of publicity for the Virgin Group business. A lot of public relations duties are accomplished by Branson. Therefore, finding another person to conduct publicity the way Branson did can be quite challenging. Branson is known to be the main representative of the Virgin Business in the public domain. The Virgin Group may also be forced to pump huge sums of money in advertising the brands of the company; an activity that was easily accomplished by Branson at very minimal costs. The cost of running the business will thus shoot up resulting in the reduction of profits that are made by the company. This will also be combines with other disorientations in the company leading to a period of underperformance. The company can take a long time to learn to deal with the situation. However, the major supportive thing for the company to peg on will be the strong brands that have been developed by Branson. This was the case in Apple where the strong brands of products developed under Jobs helped the company to pick upon the demise of Jobs (Lynch, 2012). Conclusion The entrepreneurial qualities of CEOs are essential in business growth of any company. Richard Branson is among the most outstanding entrepreneurial CEOs. Branson started the Virgin business and through a powerful combination of leadership and entrepreneurial qualities has managed to develop ecstatic brands which cut across business borders globally. The Virgin Group can suffer from major business shocks if Branson leaves the company. Reference List Borowiec, A 2008, Facets model based on an entrepreneur Richard Branson. Web. Brook-Hart, G 2008, Business benchmark: Students book, Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge [u.a. Burns, P 2008, Corporate entrepreneurship: building the entrepreneurial organization, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Clark, T 2009, Demystifying Business Celebrity: Leaders and Gurus. New York, Routledge Publishers Dearlove, D., 2007, Business the Richard Branson way: 10 secrets of the worlds greatest brand builder. John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ: Dearlove, D., 2010, The unauthorized guide to doing business the Richard Branson way: 10 secrets of the worlds greatest brand builder, Capstone, Chichester. Fletcher, H 2002, Entrepreneur to CEO: The difficult transition, Harvard Business Review. Grant, R, M., 2005, Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2004, Case Fifteen. Web. Haig, M and Haig, M 2011, Brand success how the worlds top 100 brands thrive and survive, Kogan Page. London. Howard, C., 2010, Instant wealth, wake up rich!: Discover the secret of the new entrepreneurial mind, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Kapferer, J N, 2008, The new strategic brand management: Creating and sustaining brand equity long term, Kogan Page, London. Lynch, G 2012, Apple lacking quality control after Steve Jobs death, says ex-employee. Web. Mills, A. J 2007, Organizational behaviour in a global context, Broadview Press, Peterborough. Rifkin, G n. d., How Richard Branson Works Magic. Web. Shaw, B G, 2012, Entrepreneurs and enterprise. Web.

Liberal Arguments Against the Death Penalty

Liberal Arguments Against the Death Penalty The problem with the death penalty was on stark display last week in Arizona. No one disputes that Joseph R. Wood III committed a horrific crime when he killed his ex-girlfriend and her father in 1989. The problem is that Woods execution, 25 years after the crime, went horribly wrong as he gasped, choked, snored, and in other ways resisted the lethal injection that was supposed to kill him quickly but dragged on for nearly two hours. In an unprecedented move, Woods attorneys even appealed to a Supreme Court justice during the execution, hoping for a federal order that would mandate that the prison administer life-saving measures.Woods extended execution has many criticizing the protocol Arizona used to execute him, especially whether it is right or wrong to use untested drug cocktails in executions.  His execution now joins those of Dennis McGuire in Ohio and Clayton D. Lockett in Oklahoma as questionable applications of the death penalty. In each of these cases, the condemned men appeared to experience prolonged suffering during their executions.   A Brief History of the Death Penalty in America For liberals the larger issue is not how inhumane the method of execution is, but whether the death penalty itself is cruel and unusual. To liberals, the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution is clear. It reads, Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. What is not clear, however, is what cruel and unusual means. Throughout history, Americans and, more specifically, the Supreme Court have gone back and forth on whether the death penalty is cruel. The Supreme Court effectively found the death penalty unconstitutional in 1972 when it ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was often too arbitrarily applied. Justice Potter Stewart said that the random way that states decided on the death penalty was comparable to the randomness of being struck by lightning. But the Court seemingly reversed itself in 1976, and state-sponsored executions resumed. What Liberals Believe To liberals, the death penalty is itself an affront to the principles of liberalism. These are the specific arguments liberals use against the death penalty, including a commitment to humanism and equality. Liberals agree that one of the fundamental underpinnings of a just society is the right to due process, and the death penalty compromises that. Too many factors, such as race, economic status, and access to adequate legal representation, prevent the judicial process from guaranteeing that each of the accused receives due process. Liberals agree with the American Civil Liberties Union, which states, The death penalty system in the U.S. is applied in an unfair and unjust manner against people, largely dependent on how much money they have, the skill of their attorneys, race of the victim and where the crime took place. People of color are far more likely to be executed than white people, especially if the victim is white.Liberals believe that death is both a cruel and unusual punishment.  Unlike conservatives, who follow the biblical eye for an eye doctrine, liberals argue that the death penalty is merely state-sponsored murder that violates the human right to life. They agree with t he U.S. Catholic Conference that we cannot teach that killing is wrong by killing. Liberals argue that the death penalty does not reduce the prevalence of violent crimes.  Again, according to the ACLU, The vast majority of law enforcement professionals surveyed agree that capital punishment does not deter violent crime; a survey of police chiefs nationwide found they rank the death penalty lowest among ways to reduce violent crime...The FBI has found the states with the death penalty have the highest murder rates. The recent death penalty executions have graphically illustrated all of these concerns. Heinous crimes must be met with firm punishment. Liberals do not question the need to punish those who commit such crimes, both in order to affirm that bad behavior has consequences but also to provide justice for victims of those crimes. Rather, liberals question whether the death penalty upholds American ideals or violates them. To most liberals, state-sponsored executions are an example of a state that has embraced barbarism rather than humanism.

Codes of Conduct for Lawyers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Codes of Conduct for Lawyers - Essay Example sts a future use of the ABA Model for, â€Å"†¦may be consulted for guidance in interpreting and applying the Nevada rules† (Comparison of Rules p.1 2007). The additions and subtractions of the ABA Model by Nevada might be construed as nominal in numbers but the changes are constant throughout the â€Å"Nevada Rules†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and are strikingly unique’ in more than one instance. (2) To prevent the client from committing a criminal or fraudulent act in furtherance of which the client has used or is using the lawyer’s services, but the lawyer shall, where practicable, first make reasonable effort to persuade the client to take suitable action (ABA Model vis-avis NRPC 2007) (c) A lawyer shall reveal information relating to the representation of a client to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to prevent a criminal act that the lawyer believes is likely to result in reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm. (NRPC 2007) By comparison, the operative words are, â€Å"A lawyer may reveal information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the case of the ABA Model and â€Å"A lawyer shall reveal information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the case of the Nevada Code of Conduct. The difference is clear: Nevada puts the responsibility directly on counsel’s shoulders, under an order â€Å"shall†, for responsibility directly related to ineffective action or inaction from counsel when counsel has knowledge that results in the prescribed outcomes of a client’s representation found in paragraph (c ). The ABA makes no demonstrative statement to counsel’s responsibility but infers a passionate and ethical response by counsel â€Å"may† without providing for possible responsibility of ineffective action or inaction of client

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Systems - Essay Example The payroll information system will have information on the name, monthly salaries and hourly rates of employees. Hourly rates will also be required to facilitate the payment of overtime wages. Additional information such as location, department, employee identification number, and the date of employment would also be added to the system. This system would be updated with information received from the human resources department relating to recruitment of staff at Recruit 4 U three locations as well as separation of staff due to retirement, resignation, redundancies and involuntary termination. The payroll system would be set up to calculate taxes for each employee and would be paid over to the government on their behalf. At the end of each pay period the necessary information would be collected from various locations and this along with the information from head office will be used to run the payroll. Pay slips will be generated for each employee, indicating their gross pay, deductio ns – statutory and otherwise, and their net pay at the end of each pay period. Cheques consisting of the net pay would either be drawn for each employee or sent to their respective bank accounts if feasible. Additionally, a cheque would be drawn for the government in relation to total tax deducted from the employees pay for the period. The relevant entry from this module of the accounting information system would be used to make an entry into the financial accounts of Recruit 4 U.

Schindlers List vs Book Thief Essay Example for Free

Schindlers List vs Book Thief Essay The character Death, in Zusack’s The Book Thief says: â€Å"That’s the sort of thing I’ll never know- what humans are capable of. † Discuss the way this statement reflects one or more texts you have seen or read this year. Adaptation is the ability to adjust for existence under environmental conditions. Like how animals adapt in the wild, humans are also capable to be tolerant in difficult situations. We do not know our limit of cruelty or kindness. Although most people choose to be kind and sympathetic to others, there are also people who are cruel and cold-hearted. Mark Zusack states this idea in his book, The Book Thief from death’s point of view, â€Å"That’s the sort of thing I’ll never know, or comprehend- what humans are capable of. † Amon Goth’s cruelty to Jews in the movie, Schindler’s List is an example of human’s undeterminable mind. The morning when groups of Jews arrive to his work camp, Goth randomly starts shooting the Jews from his veranda. At first, the Jews thought they are now safe since they have survived the chaos in the city. Therefore, Goth shoots them to rise up the tension of the scene. His shots cause chaos at the camp and the view of the chaos from his veranda makes the Jews look more animal like and vulnerable. Later in the film, the Jews’ wedding scene, Schindler’s social party scene and Goth torturing Helen scene are shown by juxtaposition. This juxtaposition shows those three different scenes that create different moods in a short amount of time. This also shows Goth’s insanity. He asks questions to Helen however, he answers those questions by himself pretending Helen is the one who’s answering them. His sudden mood swings also hints about his odd mental condition. In the film Schindler’s List, the audiences are mesmerized by the protagonist, Oskar Schindler’s generosity. It uses juxtaposition between Schindler and Itzhak Stern’s thorough search of all the names to add to the list to save the Jews from the work camp and the images of those people to show the critical subclimax of the movie. Schindler’s break down at the end of the movie touches the audiences’ hearts. He keeps murmuring to Itzhak about his regrets. He thinks that if he knew that the war was about to end, e would have spent everything he has to save more Jews. He was touched when the Jews have him a gold ring as a gift for his devotions. When the Jews hand him the ring his hands were shaking and he was shocked. Most people would not risk their lives to safe others. However, Schindler’s selflessness is magnificent which has save thousands of Jews’ lives. Another example from this film is at the beginning when Narzi soldiers evacuate and execute the Jews in the city. These soldiers barge into the apartments destroy all the belonging in their paths. When they cannot control the situation, they start random shootings which killed hundreds of thousands of people. Not one of the soldiers hesitates before they put a bullet in the Jews’ heads. Although there were bloodsheds, we could not see the colour since almost the entire movie is shown in black and white. Otherwise, these bloodshed scenes would be even more horrible. The Nazi’s discrimination towards the Jews is also a very cruel act that most people are not capable of understanding the reason why they did it. The signs of discrimination are shown in the film. The Nazis let them run around naked during the medical checks. Although the doctors can easily determine the difference between the sick and the healthy Jews, they forced them to be examined naked in the camp. This is shown to portray how powerless and embarrassed the Jews would have felt at that time. The director shows this scene from many different angles to capture all the actions happening in the area. The tombstones of the Jews are used to build up roads which is also another way of dehumanizing the Jews. These tombstones are important for their family members but they have used it as a resource to walk on it which shows disrespect. It is also to make to look like the Jews are powerless and vulnerable. Another surprising thing that overwhelms people is the Jews’ capability to harsh violence by the Nazis. At the beginning of the movie, the Jews are sent off to the work camp by travelling in squashing trains and trucks. They had to work hard labour although this kind of work used to be unfamiliar for most people; some still manage to survive this hardship. Although they have to do harsh labours, the execution, and concentration camps they still do not lose hope. The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank wrote that, â€Å"Someday I will be able to taste freedom and some day we will all be free. † No matter how bad the situation is humans also hope for the best. I believe that this is something that only humans are most capable of. It is hope that let so many people conquer hardships and difficulties.

The Real Deal Out In The Field :: essays research papers

The Real Deal Out in the Field   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being that this will be a very opinionated paper I concluded that I should begin this piece with an opinion. According to myself, there is no such thing as a just war. War is war no matter how much you try to justify it. You can’t escape the fact that with war comes loss of life. This brings up the idea of â€Å"who are we to eliminate someone’s life.† No man should have such responsibility. Naturally those that cause war or instigate war are those that will not be fighting in the trenches. To say that George W. Bush has total and complete passion for every man fighting this â€Å"new type of war† is nothing but ignorance at its finest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A day after the horrible attacks on the World Trade Center the pope released a statement to the press. In this statement he said, â€Å"Let us beg the lord that the spiral of hatred and violence will not prevail (sept. 12)† then later on the catholic church serves and ordinance allowing the use of a â€Å"just war†. How could it be that after the popes praises for peace the same church virtual gives its ok for a war. This is extremely contradiciary. The only conclusion one can derive from such an act is that the pope used his speech as a political ploy to downsize the visual size of involvement that the church has in all of this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With this said we now look at our own government for which I have nothing but disgust. If you were to watch a baseball game, they now make it mandatory (not written in stone but very highly ‘pushed’) that during the seventh inning stretch a guest will appear and sing God Bless America. To me this is a cheap ploy at instigating patriotism and forcing it upon the American people that what we are doing is right and if you don’t agree with out actions then you’re not a true American. What kind of a â€Å"kind and caring† government is this? I am a true American. I also recognize BS when I see it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you have been alive for the past 2-3 weeks you will realize you are hearing a lot about an anthrax scare. This again is governmental tactics. I choose to use the phrase â€Å"silent weapons for quiet wars† to better describe this abuse of power by our almighty government.

Book Analysis: The Hunger Games Essay

In the novel The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins a new country is created. Panem is born in place of North America, were the Hunger Games began. In the Hunger Games, there are 24 tributes. Tributes are people who live in the districts. The tributes in the Hunger Games are all the same. They kill one another and become the Capitols puppets. The tributes become violent, emotionless puppets. Then there is Katniss. Katniss is an excellent hunter and becomes lethal during the games. However, she has not lost her compassion. Katniss does not think of herself as a good person. When in reality she is a good person with a large heart, who puts others before herself. Katniss does many things others will not do in her situation. Whether it is helping her family or helping others. Katniss’ father died in a mining accident when she was eleven (5). Katniss’s mother did not handle it well. She stopped caring for her family. She became a zombie. Katniss had to start caring for her fam ily (26, 27). One day Katniss figured it all out. Katniss thought, â€Å"The first dandelion of the year. A bell went off in my head. I thought of the hours spent in the woods with my father and I knew how we were going to survive† (32). This is when Katniss realizes her family would no longer starve. Katniss knew hunting in district 12 is illegal and the penalty could be death (5). Katniss risks her life. Katniss’s only concern is her family, no matter the danger. The reaping is when a male and female tribute is chosen from each district. When the day of the reaping arrives, a surprise tribute is chosen. Which is Prim Katniss little sister (20). Prim’s name has only been entered once (21). Katniss cannot comprehend what has happened. Her chances were very slim. Katniss exclaims, â€Å"I volunteer! â€Å" I gasp.† I volunteer as tribute† (22). When Katniss goes on stage, everyone is surprised. No one gives applause. Everyone looks devastated. Effie Trinket says,† I bet my buttons that was your sister. Don’t want her to steal all the glory, d o we? Come on, everybody! Let’s give a big round of applause to our newest tribute!† (23). Effie Trinket thinks it is an honor to be chosen. Effie is happy things are more exciting this year. Effie does not understand why Katniss truly volunteered. Unlike others, Katniss cares about more than herself. Katniss was the only volunteer in district 12 others were scared. Katniss will do anything for her sister. This act shows what kind of person she truly is. Katniss will do anything for her family. She often is afraid her actions will harm her  mother and sister. Katniss tries to protect them from life. When Katniss was able to start putting her name in the reaping, she did it often. Katniss tells the reader, â€Å"You can opt to add your name more times in exchange for tesserae. Each tesserae is worth a meager year’s supply of grain and all for one person† (13). To keep her family fed Katniss added her name multiple times. This was the only thing she could do at the time. However, Katniss would not allow Prim to do the same. Prim has only entered her name once and that was because she had to. Katniss tells the reader, â€Å"I protect Prim in every way I can, but I’m powerless against the reaping† (15). Katniss worries about her family multiple times throughout the book. When Katniss is training in the Capitol, she shows off her temper. Katniss is supposed to show her skills to the Gamemakers but they ignore her. They are more interested in their food then her. Katniss then shoots an arrow toward them. The arrow spears the apple, which is in the pig’s mouth. This gets their attention. Katniss runs out and soon regrets her decision. As soon as she realizes what she did, she thinks of her family. Katniss thinks,† What really scares me is what they might do to my mother and Prim, how my family might suffer now because of my impulsiveness† (103). Katniss constantly thinks about her actions. She often wonders how they will affect the ones she loves. Instead of worrying about herself, Katniss worries about others. This could lead to her death or her victory. During the Hunger games, the tributes are supposed to be killing machines. Katniss meets a girl in the games. Her name is Rue and she reminds Katniss of Prim (201). Rue warns Katniss of a tracker jacket nest in the tree. In return, Katniss forms an alliance with Rue. Katniss says,† You know, they’re not the only ones who can form alliances† (200). Alliances in the Hunger Games can be dangerous. Creating an alliance can be your death. Katniss and Rue know their alliance will not last long. For now they decide to share their supplies and enjoy each other’s company (200,201 203). When the night comes Katniss tells Rue,† You can share my sleeping bag if you want. We’ll both easily fit (205). Katniss could tell this was more than Rue expected (205). Rue and Katniss made the perfect alliance, but it ended too soon. Katniss and Rue come up with a plan. While Rue was setting a fire, she was caught in a trap. Katniss was yelling for Rue then she heard Rue scream (231). Katniss went running and saw the boy from district 1 throw a spear through Rue’s stomach (232).  In return, Katniss kills the boy from district 1. Rues last request is for Katniss to sing. Katniss sings Rue â€Å"asleep† (234). Katniss tries to think of a way to respect Rue. Katniss decorates Rues body in flowers (237). Katniss thinks,† I decorate her body in the flowers. Covering the ugly wound. Wreathing her face. Weaving her with bright colors† (237). Katniss wants to show the Capitol they cannot take away Rues humanity or hers. Katniss does not only care about her family and herself but others. Katniss would die for anyone who truly deserves her trust. When the games take a turn, Katniss is surprised. Two people can win, but they have to be from the same district. Katniss hears this and her first reaction is screaming Peetas name (244). Katniss knows Peeta is injured because what Cato and the careers said (247). Katniss knows she will become more vulnerable, but she still has to go after him. After she finds him, Katniss has a bigger problem then she thought. Peeta is very ill and hurt (252-240). The only thing Katniss can do is nurse Peeta back to health. One night Katniss thinks,† I spend the night, refreshing the bandage, and trying not to dwell on the fact that by teaming up with him, I’ve made myself far more vulnerable than when I was alone† (263). Peeta is getting worse and needs medicine. Katniss knows it may be impossible. At this stage in the games, medicine and other supplies are very expensive (265,266). When Katniss gets a chance to go to the Cornucopia, Peeta will not let her (274). Katniss screams,† All right, I am going, and you can’t stop me?† (274). Katniss does not care. She would rather die herself then let Peeta die. While trying to get Peeta medicine she almost dies herself. The female tribute from district two tries to kill her. Katniss makes it back to Peeta and injects him with the medicine before she passes out. After Peeta gets the medicine, they spend some time together. They are relaxing and healing. The two really get to know one another through telling stories. While talking Katniss thinks,† And while I was talking, the idea of actually losing Peeta hit me again and I realized how much I don’t want him to die† (297). Katniss realizes she does not want Peeta to die. Katniss could never imagine him leaving her. Katniss and Peeta decide they have to kill Cato before he can kill them first. When Cato is finally dead, they wait for the trumpets. The trumpets signal their victory. Nothing happens. It turns out the rule has been revoked (342). Now they have to kill one another. Peeta refuses to kill Katniss and Katniss will not kill  Peeta (342-345). Katniss knows she cannot and will not live her live without him (345). Instead, they decide to eat the poison berries. It will kill them both and the Hunger Games will have no winner. The Capitol realizes this and decides there will be two victors. Katniss would rather sacrifice her life to save someone else. Even someone she hardly knows. Katniss is a good person at heart. Katniss may have hunter’s instinct; kill anything or anyone who tries to harm the people she cares about. Katniss would risk her life for them. Even in the games, Katniss would not kill the one person who stood in her way of winning. Katniss shows what matters compassion and her humanity. Katniss shows she is more than apiece in their games (232). Katniss remembers what Peeta said on the Roof. Peeta said,† I don’t want them to change me in there. Turn me into some kind of monster that I’m not† (141). Katniss does not want to lose herself, which she never does. Katniss shows she is a good person by forming alliances and taking care of other tributes. Katniss does not think she is good but she really is even if she cannot see it.

Operations Decision

Assignment 2 â€Å"Operations Decision† Assume you have been hired as a managing consultant by a company to offer some advice that will help it make a decision as to whether it should shut down completely or continue its operations. It currently uses 100 workers to produce 6,000 units of output per month (working 20 days / month). The daily wage (per worker) is $70, and the price of the firm's output is $32. The cost of other variable inputs is $2,000 per day. You are told that the firm's fixed cost is â€Å"high enough† so that the firm's total costs exceed its total revenue.The marginal cost of the last unit is $30. (Ch 7 & 8 to solve) This assignment allows you to determine the specific details about this fictitious company in order to conduct an environmental scan of this company. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1. Briefly describe the details of the fictitious business that you created for this assignment. 2. Assess the current environmental sc an factors that are relevant to the decision making process.Determine the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. Provide a rationale for your determination. 3. Evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term and how each factor influences managerial decisions. Be sure to show the calculations that helped you reach your conclusions. . Recommend how the company can improve its profitability to deliver more value to its stakeholders. Then, develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. 5. Assess the circumstances in which the company should discontinue operations and how management should react when confronted with these circumstances. Provide a rationale with your response. 6. Use at least three (3) high-quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.

Substituting Baking Powder and Baking Soda

Substituting Baking Powder and Baking Soda Holiday baking can be more of a challenge if you discover all your baking soda got used up for baking soda volcanoes and invisible ink. If you have baking powder, it will save you a trip to the store because you can use it in place of baking soda. If your problem is being out of baking powder, you can make your own using baking soda and cream of tartar. Heres how to make the substitutions: Using Baking Powder Instead of Baking Soda You need to use 2 to 3 times more baking powder than baking soda. The extra ingredients in the baking powder will have an effect on the taste of whatever you are making, but this isnt necessarily bad.Ideally, triple the amount of baking soda to equal the amount of baking powder. So, if the recipe called for 1 tsp baking soda, you would use 3 tsp baking powder.Another option is to  use twice the amount of baking powder as baking soda (add 2 tsp of baking powder if the recipe calls for 1 tsp baking soda), then omit the salt (which adds flavor but also affects rising in some recipes). Making Baking Powder You need baking soda and cream of tartar to make baking powder.Mix 2 parts cream of tartar with 1 part baking soda. For example, mix 2 tsp cream of tartar with 1 tsp baking soda.Use the amount of baking powder called for by the recipe. No matter how much homemade baking powder you made, if the recipe calls for 1-1/2 tsp, add exactly 1-1/2 tsp of your mixture.Cream of tartar is used to increase the acidity of a mixture. So, you cant switch baking soda for baking powder. You can switch baking powder for baking soda, just expect the flavor to change a little. If you interested in understanding more about cooking chemistry, you may be interested to learn why copper bowls are better for whipping egg whites or the real reason eating a big turkey dinner makes you feel like taking a nap.

The Chocolate War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Chocolate War - Essay Example Archie Costello heads The Vigils and the group is specialized in giving assignments that have to be completed by other students. Depending on the individuals, the assignments are different from one person to the other and are intended to inflict as much psychological torture as possible. For instance, when Goober, Jerry’s friend is given an assignment of unscrewing desks, chairs and hinges, he undergoes negative emotional consequences when the desks and chairs fall apart the moment the students come to class the following day. Apathy is indeed infectious. When Jerry refuses to sell the chocolates, he is considered a hero, since his fellow students also refuse to sell their chocolates 1st Student remarks that â€Å"I never thought of saying ‘no’ like you did. That was awesome† (Robinette 56). This clearly indicates that other students were infected by apathy. Jerry proves Archie right when he tells Obie that Jerry is emotionally strong since after loosing his mother, he has stood on his feet by joining school in such a short period of time. Archie claims â€Å"Don’t let him fool you. He is a tough one. Gets wiped out all day, then gets right back up on his feet† (Robinette 12). During certain instances, it is imperative that an individual violates the society around him/her, particularly when the society goes against his/her personal norms. Jerry decides to embrace the assertions of a poster in his locker that reads â€Å"Do I dare disturb the Universe?† (Robinette 39). This was wise of him since every individual has the right to choose what is consciously right for him/her. When Jerry remarks that refusing to sell chocolates is a kind of perversion, he is right, since perversion is an aspect that best describes the behavior of human beings that are considered to be deviating from what is regarded as being normal. At the Trinity school, it was evident that The

Is Police accountability a special case, or merely one example of the Essay

Is Police accountability a special case, or merely one example of the tension inherent in all accountability arrangements between allowing agents the exercise o - Essay Example The OSCE in its report on democracy in Serbia says that to establish democratic stability in a country "it is crucial that the policing is both democratic and free from political interference" (OSCE, 2002). For this purpose, accountability is essential both within and outside the organization. This is to ensure that the police do not function in an undemocratic manner and can be held to account by the citizens for its actions. The report says that the most important feature of democratic policing is that "policing must be with the general consent of the public" (OSCE, 1). This applies both to the actions of the police personnel and the manner in which the action occurs. There must be an ongoing dialogue between the public and the police regarding the style of policing and the limitations of police powers (OSCE, 1). It implies an agreed understanding between the two about when the police will intervene and the acceptable ways for them to do it. It is known as "moral consensus." In this system there is a balance between power and accountability. Power is granted to the police forces by the parliament on behalf of the citizens, who are granted the ability to hold the police accountable for their actions, policies, procedures, priorities, and expenditure (OSCE 2002). The police is also expected to have integrity, fairness, sensitivity, and these values are upheld through systems of accountability. In a democracy, policing needs to be based on consent across the community (Accountability I). "The community recognizes the legitimacy of the policing task, confers authority on police personnel in carrying out their role in policing and actively supports them" (Accountability I). Consent depends on proper accountability. The police needs to be accountable in two senses - the subordinate or obedient sense; and the explanatory and cooperative sense. In the former sense, the police are subordinate to the law and the community expects to get the service for which its money is spent. In the latter sense, the public and police need to communicate with each other and work in partnership to ensure effective policing. OSCE has recommended five levels of supervision to ensure accountability of the police forces to the public. These are: 1. Internal affairs: The first level of accountability insists on integrity. There is the need for an internal affairs department which overlooks the integrity of the individual police staff. Its responsibility will be to investigate allegations of crime, corruption and inappropriate behaviour on the part of the police personnel. They would also devise tactics to prevent corruption. 2. External oversight: To uphold the integrity of this internal affairs department there needs to be an organization, completely independent of the police, which will oversee the allegations of crime, corruption and malpractices against the police. This external organization would also have the right to see the documents of the internal affairs department. This organization would report back to the public after investigating allegations against the police department. It will also be able to influence police procedures and comment publicly on incidents (OSCE 2002).3. Parliamentary oversight: The external oversight organization also needs

The German Automobile Industry and the affect it has on the German Essay

The German Automobile Industry and the affect it has on the German Economy, Stock Utility Analysis from 1990 until 2007 - Essay Example Until the late 1980s, the German production system, which had maintained the legacy f the craft system, was praised for its high-quality products and incremental innovation based on decentralized production by high-quality labour. The German model, termed "diversified quality production" (DQP) or "incremental innovation system," was characterized by highly skilled workers and professional specialization instead f Tayloristic de-skilling f labour. The flexible German system, based on some elements f the craft system, could perform "fast retooling" and "incremental innovation" better than the American mass producers until the 1980s. In particular, the German production system was praised for strong small- and medium-sized companies (Mittelstnder). The strength f these companies was based on the agility f small batches and highly skilled labour. The decentralized and flexible system based on highly skilled workers could be realized by particular German institutional constraints. German corporatist institutions, characterized by a dual system f workers' participation at plant-level decision-making and collective bargaining at the industrial sectoral level, realized the development f advanced vocational training and productivity cooperation. Unlike the free market f the United States, in which companies are less likely to contribute to the development f industry-wide training systems due to the risk f losing skilled workers to competing firms and the possibility f collective action problems in developing public training programs, the German corporatist institutions f trade unions and employer associations implemented highly developed vocational training by limiting the free-riding in the process f training. These centralized corporatist associations f trade unions and employers' associations nationally standardized and rigoro usly enforced vocational training curricula. The centralized trade unions and employer associations could influence individual employers' training decisions. Works councils at the plant level policed the employers' observance f collective agreements for vocational training. In addition, the industry-wide wages system established by collective bargaining reduced the employees' incentives to be receptive to poaching. On the other hand, the German corporatist model that realized the "diversified quality production" worked well only under the condition f social cooperation between labour and management.

UNIT 1 EXERCISE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 1 EXERCISE - Assignment Example Sometimes, when I have to study and write a paper I visit a nearby coffee shop to keep my mind from stressing out. 1. Discover the type of procrastination: There are four basic types of procrastination styles. Dreamers have big plans but they seldom work to translate them into specific plans, let alone realize the dream. Worriers focus on worst-case scenarios and move away from their objectives instead of focusing on the main idea. They are problem- oriented rather than solution finders. Defiers resist new tasks or may even take new tasks up but don’t follow them through till the end. The plans never materialize and are dropped half-way through. Overdoers create extra work for themselves and then run out of steam. This makes them drop their projects ultimately. Perfectionists don’t start projects for fear of making mistakes or failure. Discovering individual styles makes one change behavior easily. Worriers need to focus on positives as well and keep focus of the project. Defiers need to take up new tasks and see them through the end. Perfectionists need to lower their standards and accept that mistakes will be a learning experience. 2. Trick the mind into starting a project: Believing and ranting that I will not start a book or a write-up or study can work as long as the mind believes it to be true in actuality. Once a task is started the momentum and interest of the task is enough to carry a person through the task to the end. 3. Think ahead: Procrastination can be put off if a calendar is maintained. Whether one is accustomed to work under pressure or not, maintaining a calendar always minimizes the last minute haphazardness. I could use up the commuting time for study by making a CD of my notes and listening to them while I travel. I would also like less social commitments which will free up my time for study. This can be accomplished by partying twice a month, having in-house

Tensile Properties of Polypropylene

Tensile Properties of Polypropylene Introduction If an engineer wanted to design a bridge to span a river, it would be absurd to consider building it out of papier-mà ¢chà © or rubber. We know this because we know something about the demands that will be put on the bridge and we know that these materials do not satisfy the requirements. After considering other materials, perhaps titanium or high tech aluminium alloys, we may discount them on the grounds of cost even if they do have suitable mechanical properties to make a good bridge. Eventually we may decide on steel; but which one? There are thousands to choose from. Which has the best properties at an affordable price? The cost effectiveness of any material is a matter not to be dealt with here but we must ask which steel has the most appropriate physical properties. In order to answer this question, we must conduct tests on different steels and compare the results when samples of the steel are tested to destruction. Polypropylene has the ability to crystallise which was a very exciting prospect as it is also an economical material so the popularity of it grew and production began all across most of Europe its use. Lots of different types of polypropylene have been under production since the early 1950s mainly because of its insulating properties. it is used in many different fields, bumpers and some of the interior in a car is developed using polypropylene its also widely used in electrical components because of its great electrical resistance at high temperatures. It has similar properties to polyethylene. Because of its use in many different fields its necessary to test the material in a variety of ways. In this test the tensile properties will be examined at different testing speeds. This test is done because The test process involves placing the test specimen in the testing machine and slowly extending it until it fractures. During this process, the elongation of the gauge section is recorded against the applied force. The data is manipulated so that it is not specific to the geometry of the test sample. Theory Polypropylene, like other plastics, typically starts with the distillation of hydrocarbon fuels into lighter groups called fractions some of which are combined with other catalysts to produce plastics (typically via polymerisation or poly-condensation) For example, the polymerisation of propylene, which is identical to ethylene except that one hydrogen substituent has been replaced by a methyl (CH3) group, yields polypropylene. This material has a higher melting point (160-170 oC), higher tensile strength, and greater rigidity than polyethylene. Figure 1- Propylene monomers polymerisation to polypropylene Depending on how they are linked or joined (chemical bonds or intermolecular forces) and on the arrangement of the different chains that forms the polymer, the resulting polymeric materials can be classified as: Thermoplastics Elastomers Thermosets Depending on the chemical composition, polymers can be inorganic such as glass, or they can be organic, such as adhesives of epoxy resin. Organic polymers can be also divided into natural polymers such as proteins and synthetic polymers as thermosets materials. Description of apparatus The apparatus used the most for the testing part of the experiment was the zwick tensile testing machine this is a highly accurate piece of equipment as it has high resolution angle measurement which allows excellent repeat accuracy. This type of machine has two crossheads; one is adjusted for the length of the specimen and the other is driven to apply tension to the test specimen he machine must be able to generate enough force to fracture the specimen. The machine must be able to apply the force quickly or slowly enough to properly mimic the actual application. Finally, the machine must be able to accurately and precisely measure the gauge length and forces applied Figure 2- Tensile testing machine (diagrammatic sketch form) Test procedure The test will be carried out using the Zwick tensile testing machine, with 3 different specimens each of them will be extended at different speeds Specimen 1: Extension speed= 100 mm/min Specimen 2: Extension speed= 50 mm/min Specimen 3: Extension speed= 12.5 mm/min Before testing the specimens, they must be measured before and after the test to see what impact the test had on the specimens After the measurement, have been taken its required to make a table to compare the load to the extension this graph will be required to estimate relevant values that will be needed to complete the calculations. For all the specimens you are required to obtain a verity of tensile properties including: Nominal yield stress Youngs modulus Fracture stress (nominal and true) Tensile ductility Results Specimen (mm) Average (mm) Av.CSA = tw ( 1 T 2.13 2.18 2.20 2.17 10.20 W 4.68 4.73 4.70 4.70 2 T 2.13 2.15 2.16 2.14 10.10 W 4.68 4.72 4.71 4.70 3 T 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.15 10.11 W 4.70 4.72 4.69 4.70 Specimen 1 calculated results when extended at speed of 100 mm/min Gauge Length (mm) 33.00 Initial cross-sectional area () 10.21 Fracture length (mm) (55-33) 22.00 Thickness at fracture (mm) 0.91 Width at fracture (mm) 2.50 Cross-sectional area at Fracture () 2.28 Load at yield (N) 270.00 Load at fracture (N) 170.00 Nominal yield stress () 26.45 Extension at high yield (mm) 1.54 Young modulus () 566.79 Nominal fracture stress () 16.65 True fracture stress () 74.56 Tensile Ductility (mm) 0.66 Specimen 2 calculated results when extended at speed of 50 mm/min Gauge Length (mm) 33.00 Initial cross-sectional area () 10.10 Fracture length (mm) (123-33) 90.00 Thickness at fracture (mm) 0.93 Width at fracture (mm) 2.61 Cross-sectional area at Fracture () 2.43 Load at yield (N) 262.50 Load at fracture (N) 172.50 Nominal yield stress () 25.99 Extension at high yield (mm) 1.54 Young modulus () 556.93 Nominal fracture stress () 17.08 True fracture stress () 70.98 Tensile Ductility 2.72 Specimen 3 calculated results when extended at speed of 12.5 mm/min Gauge Length (mm) 33.00 Initial cross-sectional area () 10.11 Fracture length (mm) (242-33) 209.00 Thickness at fracture (mm) 0.88 Width at fracture (mm) 2.01 Cross-sectional area at Fracture () 1.77 Load at yield (N) 273.75 Load at fracture (N) 267.50 Nominal yield stress () 27.08 Extension at high yield (mm) 110.26 Young modulus () 8.08 Nominal fracture stress () 26.46 True fracture stress () 151.13 Tensile Ductility 6.33 Calculations of average cross sectional area specimen 1 Average cross sectional area = Average thickness x Average width Average cross sectional area = 2.17 mm x 4.70 mm = 10.20 Calculations of specimen 1 Nominal yield = Nominal yield = = 26.45 Youngs modulus= Youngs modulus= = 566.79 Nominal fracture stress = Nominal fracture stress = = 16.65 True fracture stress = True fracture stress = = 74.56 Tensile ductility = Tensile ductility = = 0.66 mm Graphs Figure 3- Graph of load vs extension for specimen 1- Figure 4- Graph of load vs extension for specimen2- Figure 5- Graph of load vs extension for specimen 3- Discussion Unsurprisingly when you inspect between the three graphs you can see a slight pattern occur which is that the faster you extend the Polypropylene the quicker it breaks. The graph readings are used to find how much it was extended when broken so that the tensile ductility can be worked out. There have been errors in the graphs because in the laboratory the measured extension of the break was 22mm whereas the zwick tensile testing machine made a graph that showed it to be a lot less around 8mm which is surprising to have such a varied result. Retrieving most of the results from the graph required a lot of estimation because specimens one and two had scales of 20 and specimen 3 had a scale of 50 these both arent precise enough to get an accurate reading of the graph so a lot of estimation was required. As it can be seen in the results the extension at high yield point was very different for specimen 3 compared to the other specimens, this at first glance could be considered as an anomaly even though this was expected because the less stress that is put on the specimen meant that the extension of the yield would be higher but such a big gap wasnt expected. However, looking at the results of the other groups in the lab it shows that the result is acceptable. The other result that differed in specimen 3 when compared to the other specimens was the load at fracture this is because specimen 3 extended for a much longer distance then the other two so there was much more load at fracture which meant that the fracture stress was much greater too as shown in the results. Also, glass transition temperature had to be controlled so that the polypropylene wasnt too brittle, as temperature is hard to get accurate most of the readings might have differed because of it. Conclusion It can be seen in this test how speed effects the tensile properties of polypropylene, as the results and graphs show that when tension is applied quicker as its done in the first specimen it can take a lot less stress to break the polypropylene compared to the 3rd specimen which took a lot more tension because it expanded much more than the other 2 specimens as seen in figure 6. The results of the test are reliable but improvements could have been made the graph could have a much smaller scale which would have made the readings off the graph much easier to obtain. Also, there were assumptions that were made while doing this for example when working out the youngs modulus we had to assume that the line between the origin and the high yield point is linear. Figure- 6 Photos of the 3 specimens before and after the test. References Information https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/all-about-polypropylene-pp-plastic http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/pp.aspx https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testing Images http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/Designer/session4.html